On a cold December day during the Christmas holidays, Dalia Sarigโs 80-year-old father arrived at her home in Vienna after she had returned from a skiing trip.
He was there to pick up her stepsister, who had joined Sarigโs family on vacation.
She was convinced it would be her last meeting with her father, as their political differences were about to come to a head.
โI said goodbye. I hugged him,โ she told Al Jazeera. โWhen I said goodbye, I said goodbye knowing that maybe I will not see him any more.โ
Tensions with her Jewish family had been building for years. At 56, Sarig, a pro-Palestine activist, is at odds with most of her relatives.
Her parents adhere to Zionism, the nationalist political ideology that called for the creation of a Jewish state and is seen by Palestinians and their supporters as the system that underpins their suffering.
Sarig knew during that December meeting with her father that she intended to stage a pro-Palestine demonstration outside parliament in January that would be filmed by a local television station. The activist group she was a part of had put her forward for a broadcast interview. Appalled by Israelโs genocide against Palestinians in Gaza and determined to speak up, she went ahead with it.
โThe interview was broadcast and it immediately went to my family.โ
She later heard that her father, who also lives in the Austrian capital, had told friends that โto him, I diedโ.
โBut he never talked about it with me, he never reached out to me to tell me something like this. [He] just cut the relation.โ
Her 77-year-old mother, who lives in Germany, messaged her a week later.
โI still have it here in my phone, saying, you know, โI will not accept your political activism. Youโre a traitor, you are dirtying the nest โฆ and should you change your political views, we can return to normal. Stay healthy.โโ
She has not spoken with her parents since.
Family divides are not uncommon among Jewish families from the United States to Israel, but have become more entrenched since October 7, 2023.
On that day, Hamas, the group that governs the Gaza Strip, led an incursion into southern Israel during which 1,139 people were killed and more than 200 were taken captive. Since then, Israeli bombardments have killed more than 61,700 people in the enclave.
โI think one of the most interesting phenomena among the liberal Zionists is the fact, while the majority moved to the right because of October 7, a minority became even more disenchanted with Israel and Zionism,โ the author and academic Ilan Pappe, a prominent critic of Zionism, told Al Jazeera.
Sarigโs ancestors fled Austria in 1938, the year of annexation by Nazi Germany, for Serbia. They later settled in Palestine under the British Mandate in what is now present-day Israel. But by the 1950s, most of her relatives had returned to Austria, where she was born.
As a child, she celebrated Jewish holidays while learning about Zionism from elders.
She was also told that Palestinians โare the enemies, they want to kill all the Jews โฆ that the Jews living there [in Israel] wanted peace, but the Arabs did notโ.
At 18, she moved to Israel, where, at her parentsโ encouragement, she joined a leftist Zionist youth movement.
Over 13 years in Israel, she joined a kibbutz, served in the Israeli army in an office role, and married. But it was as she studied politics and Middle East history at Haifa University that her worldview began to change.
Thatโs where she met a Palestinian professor and later became an activist for Palestinian rights.
โIt began on a lawn in an evening together with my Palestinian teacher, when he told me the story of his family that was displaced from a small village.
โI understood that what I have been told, the Zionist narrative, is wrong,โ she said. โI started to think how he might feel, how heโs feeling, or how I might feel as a Palestinian living in a Jewish state where my ancestors were expelled.โ
Back in Austria, her family would argue with her at gatherings, agree never to speak again on Palestine and Israeli politics, break their promises, and clash once again.
In 2015, she renounced her Israeli citizenship as a gesture against Zionism.
โIt makes my activism easier,โ Sarig said, on being disowned by some of her family. โI lost my Jewish community because I was considered at best, strange and weird, and at worst, a traitor.โ
But being cut off from oneโs family can take a toll on mental health, say experts.
โMy outlook hasnโt significantly changed since October 7โ
According to Faissal Sharif, a neuroscientist and doctoral student at the University of Oxford, brain imaging studies have shown that โthe experience of social isolation triggers activity in areas that would otherwise light up in response to physical painโ.
โIn other words, social pain is not metaphorical โ it is biologically real,โ he told Al Jazeera.
Families, he said, often form โmicroculturesโ with their own rules and positions on political issues.
โThe betrayal felt when love and acceptance are made conditional upon silence or complicity in the genocide can be deeply wounding. In the context of Gaza, it adds an additional layer of trauma: not only is one bearing witness to mass suffering, but also paying a personal price for refusing to look away,โ he said. โThis leads to long-lasting stress and anxiety, which can reach clinical levels.โ
To preserve relationships, he said families need to lead with โcuriosity, not confrontationโ.
โEspecially when the topic is something as painful as war or genocide, facts alone wonโt move people โ naming the emotions underneath, like fear, guilt, or grief, often opens more space for real dialogue.โ
Having such conversations isnโt easy.
Jonathan Ofir, a musician who was born in an Israeli kibbutz and emigrated to Denmark in the late 1990s, said that it was in 2009 that he realised he had โactually been indoctrinated into a propaganda that omitted a whole Palestinian viewpointโ. He read Pappeโs book, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, describing that experience as a โturning pointโ for him.
Around the same time, he read other Jewish and Palestinian writers who โchallenged the Zionist narrativeโ.
โ[But] I didnโt share this publicly and I didnโt share it with my family either.โ
In 2014, though, during Israelโs war on Gaza โ the third within seven years โ he said he felt confident enough to express his critical views โoutwards and publiclyโ.
More than 2,000 Palestinians โ including 551 children โ were killed during the 50-day conflict.
He took to Facebook to post an image of Israelis gathered on a hilltop near Sderot watching on as Gaza burned, a photograph that was featured in The New York Times.
A relative soon wrote him an email that concluded by recommending that Ofir โstop posting on the internetโ.
โIt became this heated debate, but it very, very quickly stopped.โ
Years later, he learned that his family in Israel had decided to avoid talking about politics around him โso as to not legitimise my political viewsโ, he said.
After the October 7 attack, he checked on his extended family who lived near the site of the assault. But the incursion did not alter his position.
โMy outlook hasnโt significantly changed. But something changed in the Israeli society. And in that sense, you could say we might be more distant politically.โ
โThis is really the only issue nowadaysโ
Netherlands-based Daniel Friedman, 44, was raised in South Africa by his father, Steven, an academic and vocal critic of Zionism, and his mother, who was part of a circle of anti-Apartheid activists.
While his father remains an anti-Zionist, Friedman said that he and his mother have increasingly been clashing over Israelโs genocide in Gaza since late 2023.
โThis is really the only issue nowadaysโ affecting the conversations and bonds within some Jewish communities, he said.
One of their earlier arguments regarded the debunked claims that Palestinian fighters raped women during the October 7 incursion. After several uneasy disputes, often battled out by ping-ponging various newspaper links to support their arguments on WhatsApp, they have agreed to stop talking about politics.
โI love her, but what I struggle with is that Iโve lost a lot of trust for her,โ said Friedman.
During a previous Israeli war on Gaza, his mother had signed a petition calling for a ceasefire, a move which saw her rejected by some family members. โI think that had quite a big effect,โ he said. โShe kind of went to the right.โ
He said that he understands that for some, taking a stand means risking losing the support of a close community. He, however, chose to โcut a lot of people out of my life on purposeโ after October 7, he said.
Back in Vienna, Sarig is busy organising a conference of Jewish anti-Zionists in June, featuring speakers such as Stephen Kapos, a UK-based Holocaust survivor, the American podcaster and commentator Katie Halper and Ronnie Barkan, a Jewish Israeli activist. Pappe too is expected to attend.
As the killings in Gaza continue, her focus, she said, is on the Palestinians trying to survive Israeli fire.
โIโm not the victim,โ Sarig said.
